Category Archives: Indiana Division

Indiana State Library welcomes newest hosted digital collection

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The Indiana State Library hosts many digital collections beyond its own collections. The items come from libraries, museums and historical societies across Indiana and can be searched in Indiana Memory.

One of the newest collections is “Cornerstone of Columbus, Indiana — 301 Washington Street.”

Black and white photo of bank with the words Irwin's Bank.

A late-19th century brick building adorned with the words Irwin’s Bank, located at 301 Washington St. in Columbus, tells the story of the Irwin-Sweeney-Miller family in Bartholomew County. For the last 200 years, the Irwin-Sweeney-Miller family has contributed to shaping Columbus with much involvement in the city’s business, religion, politics, art and philanthropy.

Beginning as a digital exhibit in 2017, the new collection was created by the Columbus Indiana Architectural Archives (CIAA). In 2018, the CIAA became part of the Bartholomew County Public Library.

Picture of material swatch.

Samples for the office within the Irwin Management Company offices at 301 Washington St.

The digital exhibit and the digital collection have more than 300 items, which are held by the CIAA, the Bartholomew County Public Library and the Bartholomew County Historical Society. Included in the collections are photographs featuring the Irwin-Sweeney-Miller family and the interior and exterior of the building; postcards of Columbus; material sample cards; pamphlets; documents relating to the building’s history; ephemera; and artifacts. They all tell the story of an important Columbus family and building.

This post was written by Christopher Marshall, digital collections coordinator for the Indiana Division at the Indiana State Library.

The Grand Army of the Republic

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After the end of Civil War, many veterans formed various state and local fraternal organizations in order to keep in touch with each other. The Grand Army of the Republic (GAR) emerged as most influential, being founded on April 6, 1866, in Decatur, Illinois. It was founded on the principles of “fraternity, charity and loyalty.” At its peak in 1890, the GAR. had about 410,000 members. In Indiana, the last survivor of the GAR was John Christian Adams, who died in 1949 in Jonesboro, at the age of 101. The national group lasted until 1956 when it was dissolved after the last veteran died.

Morton Post No. 1, in Terre Haute, created its charter in 1879, with many others following shortly thereafter: Gen. Joe Canby Post 2, Brazil; Logan Post No. 3, Lafayette; John C. Fremont Post No. 4, Covington; Pap Thomas Post 5, Greensburg; James H, Emmett Post No. 6, Wabash; McPherson Post No. 7, Crawfordsville; Auten Post No. 8, South Bend; Gen. Steele Post No. 9, Rockville; Captain Floyd Post 10, Annapolis; Greencastle Post No. 11; and Sugar Greek Post No. 12; Macksville. After these 12 posts, many followed and spread across Indiana until all counties were represented. Eventually, there were a total of 592 posts at their peak.

Cover of Grand Army of the Republic pamphlet.For many years, the GAR held annual encampments. These gatherings occurred at various locations across the state. They would have sham battles, receptions, parades and a variety of entertainment.

Cover of 20th Annual Encampment pamphlet.The Woman’s Relief Corps (WRC) was originally founded as the official women’s auxiliary to the GAR in 1883. The WRC was designed to assist and provide post-war relief to the veterans.

Cover of Women's Relief Corps pamphlet.We have materials about the GAR and the WRC throughout our collections. Over the past year, we have gathered many more materials about both from our Indiana Division collection. The materials that we have added can be found in the State Library’s Indiana Trade, Association and Club Publications digital collection.

This post was written by Christopher Marshall, digital collections coordinator for the Indiana Division at the Indiana State Library.

Further Reading
“History of the Grand Army of the Republic in Indiana”
“Grand Army of the Republic (GAR) 1866-1956”
Woman’s Relief Corps
“Regimental reunions of Civil War veterans”

Indiana Division of Forestry

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In 1901, the Indiana State Legislature created the Division of Forestry with its mission to restore Indiana’s woodlands. After the early settlement period of the state, large areas were abandoned, leaving behind eroding hillsides stripped clear of trees and small farms that eventually failed. With the heavy use of timber for construction, these vacant farms – and large areas of forest – had been depleted, mostly in the southern Indiana counties. Recognizing these issues, the Indiana State Legislature created the division. Some early laws are still in existence today that help regulate and conserve our forests.

The first state forest was Clark State Forest, established in 1903 on 2,000 acres. It has grown to more than 24,000 acres since its creation. For several years, it served as an experimental forest during the early development of forestry into a science and profession. More than 150 of the trees that were planted in the early 1900s can still be seen in many areas of Clark State Forest.

Pamphlet shows black and white picture of trees with text reading "Planting forest trees in Indiana."

Many of our state forests were created in the 1930s, with the help of the Federal program, Civilian Conservation Corps. These included the Harrison–Crawford State Forest, the Morgan–Monroe State Forest, the Yellowwood State Forest and the Ferdinand State Forest to name a few. Today, you can visit many of our state forests. In total, there are 435 miles of hiking trails, 536 camping opportunities and 159 lakes.

The Division of Forestry under the Department of Natural Resources now oversees 15 properties around the state, with most in southern Indiana. All together they encompass more than 160,000 acres with an estimated 61.3 million trees. You can learn more about the Division of Forestry on their website.

You can learn more about the early development of our state forests in our digital collection, Open Spaces Historic Places.

This post was written by Christopher Marshall, digital collections coordinator for the Indiana Division at the Indiana State Library.

Indiana newspapers: Where to get statistics and titles

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Before you embark on newspaper research, take a moment to assess which publication titles will be helpful to you. Start by discovering which newspaper titles were available in the place and time of your topic. As you go back into the past, you will often run into the following scenarios:

  • In the same town, two or three newspaper publishers will print the exact same title, each of them printed by different people in different periods. Common titles like News, Times and Tribune are examples.
  • Titles often merge over time, resulting in new titles with completely different names, but with an updated coverage area.
  • Titles were often published for less than a decade before disappearing. Although some newspapers have survived for centuries, this is rare.
  • At any given moment during the lifespan of a title, the editor or manager could be replaced many times, with no announcement except for a theme change.
  • A title’s readership or circulation is often not included in the copy either, although publishers typically track this information for their business.

Knowing these roadblocks in advance can give you an idea of where to search. It can also inform you whether the information you desire can be found in a neighborhood newspaper or if you need to expand your circle of research. Where can you find the newspaper data to clear this fog? The Indiana State Library is here to help! Here are two sources that supply the backstory and statistics for local newspaper titles. Together, these two indexes provide information regarding management, editorship and circulation numbers for every Indiana title – and for every calendar year.

“Indiana Newspaper Bibliography” by John W. Miller

Published by the Indiana Historical Society in 1982, this book furnishes the beginning and ending dates of every Indiana title up to that time, the founders and editors over different periods and the places where preserved copies existed in 1982. The book was also designed to tell the stories of publishing staff and title histories, conveying the themes on which they were based and the reasons why changes were made over time. Obviously, this source won’t help much if you are looking into the recent past. For searching newspapers printed from 50 years ago and beyond, it addresses mergers, title founders and even awkward moments when an owner grabbed the printing press and hightailed it to another community. County sections in the book are subdivided by town. At the end of each county section, an index of local titles lays out where prints and microfilms could be found in 1982.

“Indiana Newspaper Directory” by the Hoosier State Press Association

Published annually, these softback books are packed with statistical information for every Indiana title, broken down by daily or weekly categories. The titles in each category are presented in alphabetical order. For each one, the yearly circulation is listed, as well as names of managers and editors. More recent annual issues include each title’s birth year and the weekday publication schedule. Each title is listed as a morning or evening paper as well. Analyzing these statistics over a period of years, the researcher can discover the exact dates and times when papers changed publication strategies and ownership. You can also track a title’s popularity over time. The yearly population of each title’s town or county is provided, so that circulation can be calculated as a percentage. The data was originally shared by publishers statewide to focus efforts and bolster local support for the HSPA and the legacy of titles it represents. The Indiana State Library currently holds issues of the newspaper directory published from 1948 through 2006.

When you are comfortable with the locations, dates and titles that will inform your project, the Indiana State Library Legacy database can help.

This newspaper microfilm index is searchable by town, county or title name. Once you have opened a list of titles that will work for you, check the available date range by clicking on ones of interest. Repeated, merged and closed titles are documented along with the date ranges available in the microfilm cabinets, to help guide you along the way.

This post was submitted by David Pleiss, newspaper librarian with the Indiana Division of the Indiana State Library. 

What is the Internet Archive?

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For the past 16 years, the Indiana State Library has had a very active digitization program between its Indiana, Genealogy and Manuscripts Divisions. The collection has grown to 32 individual collections, with each having sub-collections, and with all collections having a total of 337,093 items as of January 2025. In 2024, the Indiana Division alone added more than 700 items, consisting of more than 20,000 scans of materials from our digital collections. We added maps, newspapers and pamphlets from our county history collection. We also added state documents.

For the most part, we add materials to our digital collections management system, ContentDM. It was created by the Online Computer Library Center and is great for smaller items that are less than about 50 pages, such as maps, pamphlets, posters, photographs, etc. However, for larger books with heavy text, we use the Internet Archive, a digital content management system that is free and makes using these larger volumes far easier to use. It also offers better search capabilities than ContentDM.

The Internet Archive, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization, has been building a digital library of Internet sites and other cultural artifacts online since 1996 with their “mission is to provide universal access to all knowledge.” They offer free access to researchers, students, historians, genealogists and the general public.

Here at the Indiana State Library, we use the Internet Archive for larger periodicals and materials more than 50 pages in length with lots of text. Why? Because they are far easier to use and search. Among our Internet Archive collection, you will find the Indiana Acts from 1817 to 1850, the House and Senate Journals, the documentary journals, a few county and civil war histories and a few periodicals. As of the writing of this blog, we have 327 items.

One great example is the Indiana Construction Recorder, a periodical published by the Society of Indiana Architects in the 1920s and early 1930s. They are great if you are trying to find out when a building was built during that time period. However, each volume is well over 1,000 pages and can be difficult to search when using the actual book. The Internet Archive does an awesome job of making them searchable. We scan the materials, create a pdf and upload it into the Internet Archive and they do the rest. They offer a great optical character recognition program that makes these 1,000+ page volumes easier to search, in turn making your luck greater in find out what you are seeking.

We are continually adding more materials, so be sure to check out the Indiana State Library’s Internet Archive Collection on a regular basis.

This post was written by Christopher Marshall, digital collections coordinator for the Indiana Division at the Indiana State Library.

Access state agency publications past and present online

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The Indiana State Library continues to collect publications created by state agencies. Whether born-digital or digitized from historical copies, there are ways to access them.

The Indiana State Library uses Archive-It to preserve copies of born-digital publications that are hosted on the websites of Indiana State Government departments and agencies.

Archive-It collection page for Indiana State Library.

The Archive-It collection started in March 2020 and now contains nearly five years’ worth of captures of state agency web pages and online publications such as annual reports, brochures, fact sheets and more. One can browse the state agency listings or search the collection. To find versions of agency websites before March 2020, use the general web archive, known as the Internet Archive Wayback Machine.

The Indiana State Agency Documents online collection contains digitized copies of a wide variety of historical publications. This collection continues to grow and is often updated based on reference inquiries. Examples include:

Highways of Indiana.

Indiana Civil Rights Commission: The First 25 Years.

Indiana Celebrates: The Bicentennial in Review, 1971-1977.

Keep in mind that there are many more printed documents published by state agencies that are listed in Indiana State Library’s online catalog. Additionally, this online guide to Locating Indiana Government Documents is a frequently consulted resource. For assistance tracking down state publications past or present, please send in questions to Ask-a-Librarian or contact the Indiana Collection at 317-232-3670.

This post was written by Andrea Glenn, Indiana Division librarian and state documents coordinator at the Indiana State Library.

1867 Asher and Adams map of Indianapolis

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Asher and Adams are noteworthy mapmakers for their contribution to 19th century county and city mapping. They are known for their detailed state atlases of New York in 1869, 1870 and 1871. Some Asher and Adams maps were published in New York City, and others were published in Indianapolis. Sometimes, they publish as Asher, Adams and Higgins.

The Indiana State Library wishes to share an 1867 map of Indianapolis, published by Asher and Adams in Indianapolis, and printed in Buffalo, New York. It has now been made available online. The map is large and detailed. Railroads are drawn with detail and clearly name the depots. There is an extensive business directory in the margins.

If you’re an Indianapolis map enthusiast, you’re likely familiar with the 1866 Warner map of Marion County, published by Titus. However, you may not have seen the Asher and Adams map; at least not the Indiana State Library’s copy. Why wouldn’t you have seen this map before? It’s rare and it’s massive. It was dissected, and when unfolded its large size makes it difficult to handle. It was also horribly dirty. It had been on “preservation status” in our catalog, essentially hiding it from the online public access catalog.

This is where Seth Irwin comes in. Irwin has been the Indiana State Library’s conservator since 2019. He, and his rotating crew of interns, with a grant-funded conservator, have worked wonders with the map collection. You may have seen their blogs about some other map treatments here and here. Sadly, he is leaving his position here at the Indiana State Library. He has made a huge impact on the future of the State Library’s Indiana map collection. His knowledge and tenacity made him an incredible friend to the map collection. I am deeply grateful for the time he spent time with us.

Here are some photos from his most recent treatment of the Asher and Adams Indianapolis map:

Washing of the map.

Dirty silk – once used to protect the map – removed.

Before and after, side by side.

Now, go spend some time with our maps!

This post was written by Monique Howell, Indiana Collection supervisor.

Angelina Collins, Indiana’s first cookbook writer

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Born on May 26, 1805, in Petersburg, Virginia, Angelina Maria Lorain – or Lorraine – was raised as a Methodist and instilled with ideas of abolitionism. After marrying James Collins – and taking his name – in 1830, the couple moved to Paoli, Indiana, where they lived for a few years before settling in New Albany in Floyd County.

Painting titled “Mrs. A. Collins, aged thirty-six.”

In 1851, Angelina Collins, with the help of John R. Nunemacher, printer and book seller in New Albany, published her volume of table receipts – known today as recipes – titled “Mrs. Collins’ Table Receipts: Adapted to Western Housewifery.”

In the preface of the book, she explains “…my object has been to simplify the culinary art, and adapt it to every capacity and condition of life, and in preparing the receipts, I have endeavored to select and combine such ingredients as may be easily obtained in any section of our country, but especially have I desired to render them serviceable to the housekeepers of the West.” In other words, “Here’s what you can find at local markets and groceries in late 1840s southern Indiana.” Being on the Ohio River, many of the river towns would have access to a far greater variety of imported goods from the eastern coast, with grocers and merchants being among the first businesses to be established.

Collins ends her preface with “To the ladies of the West, I offer this little volume with full confidence that it will be properly appreciated and well received, and should it in any manner add to their comfort or convenience, I shall be fully compensated for the employment of my leisure home.” And her little volume must have added a large amount of comfort and convenience because in 1857, her cookbook was republished after somehow making its way to A. S. Barnes & Company in New York, where it experienced a name change to the title “The Great Western Cookbook, Or Table Receipts Adapted to Western Housewifery” with the same number of pages. By this time, 1850s southern and middle Indiana would have been well settled, but the upper part still remained as open territory for settlers. These types of publications, such as Mrs. Collins’ cookbook, were meant to encourage immigration to those areas and further west, by showing that there is an abundance of resources.

Here at the Indiana State Library, we have the original 1851 volume and have added it to our digital collections. You can view it here.

Cover of “Mrs. Collins’ Table Receipts: Adapted to Western Housewifery.”

The 1857 version is available online to be researched in Indiana University’s digital collection, “Service through Sponge Cake”. Here is a link to that version.

So, if you love trying our historic recipes, there are 140-plus pages for you to sample. Collins organized her book by topics, including fish, boiling, pickling, pies and fancy dishes to name a few. And of course, no cookbook would be complete with tidbits of information or advice. On page 15, “Observation – In preparing soups, always cut the pieces of meat you send in the tureen small enough to be eaten with introducing a knife and fork into the soup plate.”

Her recipes include corn pone, hominy, “Succotash a la Tecumseh,” mock turtle soup, “California soup,” Mrs. Collins’ batter cake and brain balls. Collins also includes a recipe for mangoes, or in today’s language, stuffed bell peppers. Also included is an interesting recipe for “Indiana sauce.”

Indiana sauce, as featured in “Mrs. Collins’ Table Receipts: Adapted to Western Housewifery.”

Although Angelina Maria Collins died on Sept. 28,1885 in Salem, Indiana, her cookbook is still being researched and used by historians.

Are you interested in historic cookbooks? If so, here are some digital collections of historic cookbooks available from libraries around the country:

This post was written by Christopher Marshall, digital collections coordinator for the Indiana Division at the Indiana State Library.

Gordon Tanner, former State Librarian

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Established in 1825, the Indiana State Library is approaching its 200th anniversary. The head of the agency is the State Librarian. There have been 33 State Librarians in position since 1841. From 1825 to 1841, the role of State Librarian was played by the Indiana Secretary of State. Nineteenth century State Librarians held the appointed position for only a few years, and the appointment was usually as a political party favor of some sort. Demarcus Brown changed that legacy when he held the position for twenty years, between1906 and 1926. The position is now hired by a board, no longer appointed by the legislature. This is a brief sketch of one of the early politically-appointed State Librarians, Gordon Tanner. Tanner served as State Librarian from 1854-1856.

Image taken from Library Occurrent, vol. 26, no. 12, November 1980.

Tanner was a young man when he served as Indiana’s State Librarian. He was only 24 years old. Tanner’s annual reports as State Librarian are critical about the lack of support the library was receiving. He reports, if the wages are not increased, he’ll have to abandon the post and seek other work, or he’d starve to death. He took over the books of the Indiana Law Library without authority, claiming they weren’t being cared for properly. He reports the State Library was not being given sufficient appropriations to continue to loan books, which required repair or replacement when damaged, lost or stolen. He wanted lending to cease. Ironically, the State Library report of 1862 lists Tanner among those with overdue books. Interestingly, Governor Morton was also guilty of not returning library material. Morton borrowed the Koran in 1861 and is on the overdue list in the 1862 report.

Tanner’s role as State Librarian is a blip in his whirlwind of life. Tanner served in the Mexican American War. He was active in Indiana Democratic party politics. He was Assistant Secretary of the 1850 Indiana Constitutional Convention. He was elected by the legislature as State Librarian between 1854 and 1856. Then, elected by the people of Indiana as Reporter of the Supreme Court between 1857 and 1860. He immediately and dramatically resigned that position at the Democratic State Convention when he learned he did not win the nomination for a second term. His final service was as a Major of the 22nd Indiana regiment in the Civil War. He was killed in Missouri in 1861, at the age of 32. Fast and furious, 1850s style.

Plymouth Democrat, Jan. 17, 1856.

While Tanner is described as bookish and intellectual, the newspaper record leads one to believe he was also an assertive and confrontational man of the times. There are reports of arguments at state party conventions, a public argument with Speaker of the House, Johnathan Gordon, and at one point the New Albany Ledger essentially calls him a jackass. A newspaper published his response to a request to use the State House lawn, which the State Librarian had authority over in those days. He grants approval to a rival political faction, acknowledging he did so because refusal would be “misrepresented as dictated by party spirit alone.” He ended the letter with, “you will please see that no damage is done to the shrubbery.”

It seems he was not shy about voicing his opinions which left him open to criticism, but also served him well in gaining him notoriety and influence in some circles. Major Gordon Tanner died in 1861 from wounds sustained in a skirmish of the Civil War. He was shot in the groin. The Indiana State Sentinel, who had a tumultuous relationship with Tanner, reports his death sympathetically “We have not time nor have the heart to say more than Gordon Tanner is dead, and that he died in service of his country – defending its honor and its flag.”1

Rest in peace Mr. Tanner. It sounds like you had a wild ride.

Tanner is buried at Crown Hill in Indianapolis, Loc: Sec 2, Lt 65.

Image found online at an auction site which said the photo is thought to have been given to the G.A.R. Tanner Post, Jackson County, by his son. The photograph is listed as sold.

Note: Stevenson’s Roll of Honor has a wonderful biographical sketch of Tanner. Accessible online here. The sketch says Tanner could read and write at the age of six and used his local library in Brownstown, Indiana regularly.

This post was written by Monique Howell, Indiana Collection supervisor.

1. Cited in the Lafayette Courier Journal, Oct. 1, 1861.

Don Hurd: Proactive preservation

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Currently, the Indiana State Library holds microfilm for over 100 Indiana newspapers. Two-thirds are dailies, and most of the remaining titles are weeklies. But, that number fluctuates amid the growing epidemic of newspaper closures. On one hand, only a small percentage of the nation’s documents can be saved. On the other hand, the newspaper is an exemplary specimen when examined against the checklist for archival preservation. A local newspaper is an official document that can be used in a court of law. It reflects the surrounding community, outlines changes in infrastructure, provides glimpses into the lives of citizens, and offers a record of marriages, crimes (sometimes even exposing them for the first time), graduations, deaths and new business ventures. Your town paper is an important piece of the national puzzle of U.S. history. Such documents inspired the first Constitutional Amendment, supporting journalism as well as assembly. Although free speech doesn’t allow me to cry “fire” in a crowded room, I must inform you that the future of our national history is indeed on fire.

The digital revolution has not diminished the need for newspapers in our communities. There is no other news source that is reliable enough to replace newspapers. In fact, the bulk of material being scrolled on smartphones has been altered by activists. Even so, most of us aren’t buying our local papers anymore, resulting in fewer ad dollars for publishers who must shut down their presses. 3,000 U.S. newspaper publishers have announced they were closing in the last 20 years. A large percentage of this number did so after the pandemic shifted our comfort zone into the current digital-consumption lifestyle that now leaves readers frustrated and confused.

Enter Mr. Don Hurd, an investor who has worked in newspaper management for over 40 years. With degrees in marketing as well as journalism, he has been able to invent new methods for financing local papers. Hurd was on the board of the Hoosier State Press Association for 18 years, and now provides us all with a working model for reviving a town newspaper. Having worked in the business of newspapers all his life, he understands the importance of a “hyper-local” record. In a statement that could bring a tear to the eye of an archivist, he mused that “I call it refrigerator journalism because my parents would always cut out articles about their children and post them proudly on their refrigerator for all to see.” As of 2022, he had revived over 20 Indiana titles, and he is still going. In April of 2021, he told the Seattle Times, “Whenever I hear of a community that’s supposedly losing their newspaper it really pains me when that happens so I do whatever I can,” he said. “I try to look for opportunities that are out there and make sure the community has got a local newspaper they can be proud of, and serve their needs.”

The Seattle Times reporter, Brier Dudley, obviously had a stake in this effort. He observed, “I’ve written about ways to help news outlets survive as the market evolves and they pursue new business models. But, ultimately what’s needed to sustain America’s free-press system is a multitude of local owners willing and able to support journalism in every city and county. That’s happening in large cities, where wealthy, civic-minded investors are trying to preserve flagship newspapers.”

In the increasing uproar about war overseas and the impending election, this subject is rarely discussed on news programs. But the federal government has been monitoring the problem. Congressional think tanks have been brainstorming newspaper revival techniques and sponsoring grants. Towns and counties are investing in their newspapers so that tax payers have an investment in their own journalism. Then, there are private citizens who have the means – either financially or by showing a working knowledge of the business – who can do the heavy lifting. There are many ways to revive our dying newspapers, but Hurd is in the vanguard of real-time research to increase financial stability. The journalists can do the rest. We must actively support and revive our local papers, or we will find that there is nothing left to preserve. We must allow newspapers to continue telling the “story of us.”

Some local newspapers have become mere reprints of pre-existing regional and national news. Following the rules of archival evaluation, one could argue that such newspapers no longer fit the paradigm to meet preservation standards. Others could argue that it is not the archivist’s place to question newspapers, but to preserve all of them without question. Do you believe that current newspaper assessment procedures will lead to “skipping” certain titles? Has this subject been addressed at your library?

This post was submitted by David Pleiss, newspaper librarian with the Indiana Division of the Indiana State Library.